Public Officials’ Associations
Consistent with Alexis de Tocqueville’s observation that Americans are fond of organizing themselves into a multitude of clubs and other voluntary associations, elected public…
Wolf v. Colorado (1949)
See Incorporation (Nationalization) of the Bill of Rights
Slaughterhouse Cases
This is the decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment for the first time. The dispute provided the occasion for…
Military Affairs
The relationship between the military and federalism is a constitutionally mandated relationship that has historical roots. The armed forces are constitutionally charged with implementing…
Takings Clause: Fifth Amendment
The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides that private property shall not “be taken for public use, without just…
Referendum
A referendum refers to the procedure of placing before the electorate a particular piece of legislation for approval or rejection. Following approval by a…
Racial Discrimination
Racial discrimination occurs when individuals are denied opportunities for political participation, education, employment, and other services based on race. Historically African Americans, Latinos, Asians,…
National Defense and Interstate Highway Act of 1956
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 established the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways. No government project stimulates the nation’s economy…
Education Commission of the States
Education Commission of the States Share The Education Commission of the States (ECS) was created by an interstate compact in 1965 to strengthen the…
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 was a central component of President Lyndon Johnson’s war on poverty and one of the…
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964
President Lyndon B. Johnson proposed a “War on Poverty” in 1964 that took form in an omnibus poverty bill (S. 2642) that was enacted…
Privileges and Immunities Clause: Fourteenth Amendment
Article IV of the Constitution contains the phrase “The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in…
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)
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