1869
Texas v. White, a 5-3 U.S. Supreme Court decision involving state bonds, rejected the South’s compact theory of the U.S. Constitution, holding instead that…
1868
Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified on July 9, grants citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” while retaining…
1866
First Civil Rights Act granted citizenship and equal rights to all men in the United States regardless of race or previous condition of servitude…
1865
Appomattox, Virginia, is the site of Confederate Army general Robert E. Lee’s surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia to Lt. Gen. Ulysses S.…
1863
Emancipation Proclamation was a wartime executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 declaring that “all persons held as slaves within any…
1862
Department of Agriculture was created by President Abraham Lincoln, who called it the “people’s department,” to collect agriculture statistics, conduct research, distribute new varieties…
1861-1865
The Civil War, which took the lives of some 720,000 Americans, determined the unity of the United States and moved the federal union in…
1860
South Carolina was the first state to declare secession from the United States on December 20—2.5 months before Abraham Lincoln’s inauguration.
1857
Dred Scott v. Sandford, a 7-2 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, declared that black residents were not citizens of the United States and that slaves…
1854
Kansas-Nebraska Act established the Kansas and Nebraska territories and permitted settlers to decide whether to allow or prohibit slavery in either territory. The act…
1850
Compromise of 1850 was a series of five bills grouped together to deal with the balance between free and slave states in the Congress…
1842
Prigg v. Pennsylvania, an 8-1 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, overturned a slave-catcher’s conviction under Pennsylvania law for kidnapping a slave. The Court ruled that…
1837
Charles River Bridge Company v. Warren Bridge Company, a 5-2 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, held that Massachusetts did not violate the Constitution’s contracts clause…
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